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10 <h1 align="center"><a name="top">Blender v2.3x series</a></h1>
13 <li><a href="#intro">About</a></li>
14 <li><a href="#pack">Package Contents and Install</a></li>
15 <li><a href="#start">Getting Started:</a></li>
17 <li><a href="#start_run">Running</a></li>
18 <li><a href="#start_1st">First steps</a>,
19 <a href="#start_3dview">The 3d View</a></li>
21 <li><a href="#resources">Resources</a></li>
22 <li><a href="#trouble">Troubleshooting</a></li>
23 <li><a href="#faq">(FAQ) A few remarks</a></li>
26 <h2><a name="intro">1. About</a></h2>
28 <p>Welcome to the world of <a href="http://www.blender3d.org">Blender</a>!
29 The program you have now in your hands is a free and fully functional 3D
30 modeling, rendering, animation and game creation suite. It is available for
31 Unix-based (Linux, Mac OS X, etc.) and Windows systems and has a large
32 world-wide community.</p>
34 <p>Blender is free to be applied for any purpose, including commercial usage and
35 distribution. It's open-source software, released under a dual GPL / BL
36 licence. The full program sources are available online.</p>
38 <p>For impatient readers, here the two most important links:</p>
39 <a href="http://www.blender.org">www.blender.org</a> the developement/community website<br>
40 <a href="http://www.blender3d.org">www.blender3d.org</a> the general website<br>
42 <p align="right"><a href="#top">back to top</a></p>
44 <h2><a name="pack">2. Package Contents and Install</a></h2>
46 <p>This is what you should get from a downloaded Blender package:</p>
49 <li>The Blender program for some specific platform;</li>
50 <li>This text, with links and the copyright notice;</li>
51 <li>A basic set of scripts, including importers and exporters to other 3d
55 <p>The latest version for all supported platforms can always be found at the
56 main Blender site, along with documentation, sample .blend files, many scripts,
59 <p>If you are interested in the development of the program, information for
60 coders and the CVS repository with the sources can be found at the
61 <a href="http://www.blender.org">developer's site.</a></p>
63 <h3><a name="start_install">Installation notes:</a></h3>
65 <p>Installing is mostly a matter of executing a self-installer package or unpacking it to
66 some folder. Blender has a minimum of system dependencies (like OpenGL and SDL), and doesn't
67 install by overwriting libraries in your system. There are also some extra
68 files needed for a good install, like an antialiased font and standard python scripts, but these
69 are optional. Typically these will go to your HOME/.blender/
70 directory. Below you find instructions for it per OS.
73 <p><b>Windows:</b> the .exe installer handles registry of file types for you. The .zip download has
74 a .blender directory included, which can be manually copied.<br>
75 The directory .blender is located by Blender while checking the following list:<br>
76 - whether environment variable HOME exists, <br>
77 - or, if environment USERPROFILE exists, and the installer has created there the Application Data\Blender Foundation\Blender\
79 - or it uses the .blender directory from the installation directory (where blender.exe resides) <br>
80 Also note that Blender comes with two dll files, which have to reside next to blender.exe.</p>
82 <p><b>Linux, FreeBSD, Irix, Solaris:</b> after unpacking the distribution, you can copy the .blender
83 directory from it to your home directory. </p>
85 <p><b>OSX:</b> the .blender directory is in Blender.app/Contents/Resources/. This is being located
86 by default. If you like to alter some of the files, copy this directory to your home dir.</p>
88 <p><b>Other settings:</b><br>
89 There are many paths you can set in Blender itself, to tell it where to
90 look for your collections of texture and sound files, fonts, plugins and
91 additional scripts, besides where it should save rendered images, temporary
92 data, etc. If you're only starting, there's no need to worry about this now.
96 Some downloaded scripts may require extra Python modules not shipped with
97 Blender. Installing the whole Python distribution is a way to solve this
98 issue for most cases except scripts that require extensions (3rd party
99 modules), but we are starting to add more modules to Blender itself so that
100 most scripts don't depend on full Python installs anymore. This is mostly
101 about Windows, in other platforms Python is usually a standard component
102 nowadays, so unless there's a version mismatch or an incomplete py
103 installation, there should be no problems.</p>
105 <p>Even if you do have the right version of Python installed you may need to
106 tell the embedded Python interpreter where the installation is. To do that
107 it's enough to set a system variable called PYTHON to the full path to the
108 stand-alone Python executable (to find out execute "import sys; print
109 sys.executable" inside the stand-alone interpreter, not in Blender). To check
110 which Python was linked to your Blender binary, execute "import sys; print
111 sys.version" at Blender's text editor), it's probably 2.3.something -- only the
112 two first numbers should have to match with yours.</p>
115 <p align="right"><a href="#top">back to top</a></p>
117 <h2><a name="start">3. Getting Started</a></h2>
119 <p>Blender's main strength is at modeling, animating and rendering 3d
120 scenes, from simple cubes and monkey heads to the complex environments found in
121 videogames and movies with computer graphics (CG) art.</p>
123 <p><strong>Rendering</strong> is the process of generating 2d images from 3d
124 data (basically lit 3d models) as if viewed by a virtual camera. In simple
125 terms, rendering is like taking a picture of the scene, but with many more
126 ways to influence the results. Blender comes with a very flexible renderer
127 and is well integrated with the open source YafRay package. There are also
128 scripts to export to other popular third party renderers like Povray and
129 Renderman compliant ones. By <strong>animating</strong> the data and rendering
130 pictures of each successive frame, movie sequences can be created.</p>
132 <p>In <strong>compositing</strong> a set of techniques is used to add effects
133 to movie strips and combine these into a single video. This is how, for
134 example, artists add laser beams, glows and dinossaurs to motion
135 pictures. Blender is not a specific tool for this purpose, but it has builtin
136 support for video sequencing and sound synchronization.</p>
138 <p>The <strong>game engine</strong> inside Blender lets users create and play
139 nifty 3d games, complete with 3d graphics, sound, physics and scripted rules.
142 <p>Via <strong>scripting</strong> the program's functionality can be automated
143 and extended in real-time with important new capabilities. True displacement
144 mapping, for example, is now part of the core program, but before that it was
145 already possible using scripts. Since they are written in a nice higher-level
146 programming language -- <a href="http://www.python.org">Python</a> in our case
147 -- development is considerably faster and easier than normal C/C++ coding.
148 Naturally, they run slower than compiled code, but still fast enough for
149 <em>many</em> purposes or for mixed approaches like some plugins use.</p>
151 <h3><a name="start_run">Running:</a></h3>
153 <p>Depending on your platform, the installation may have put an icon on your
154 desktop and a menu entry for Blender. If not, it's not hard to do that
155 yourself for your favorite window manager.</p>
157 <p>But for more flexibility, you can execute Blender from a shell window or
158 command-line prompt. Try "blender -h" to see all available options.</p>
160 <p>Blender saves data in its own custom binary format, using ".blend" as
161 extension. The default start-up configuration is saved in a file called
162 .B.blend. To save your changes to it, click on
163 <strong>File->Save Default Settings</strong> or use the Control+u shortcut
164 directly. To revert to factory defaults, erase the .B.blend file.</p>
166 <h3><a name="start_1st">First steps:</a></h3>
168 <p>This is the point where we stop and warn newcomers that 3d Computer
169 Graphics is a vast field and Blender has a lot of packed functionality.
170 If you already tried to run it and fell victim to the "too many buttons!"
171 syndrome, just relax and <a href="#faq_2">read this part</a> of the F.A.Q. </p>
173 <p>Hoping the explanations helped, let's start Blender and take a look at it.
174 At the top header you can see the main menu. Under "File" you'll find entries
175 to save, load and quit. If <em>someone</em> ever messes with your workspace
176 and you can't find your way around: press q to quit. Then erase the .B.blend
177 file in your home dir and the program will be back to factory defaults.</p>
179 <p>Blender's screen is divided in "areas". Each of them has a top or bottom
180 header and can show any of the available builtin applications (called "spaces",
181 like the 3d View, the Text Editor, etc). If you started with a default
182 configuration, there should now be three areas:
186 <li>A thin strip at the top where you can see the header of the <strong>User
187 Preferences Window</strong> (its header is also Blender's main menu);</li>
188 <li>A big one in the middle with the <strong>3d View</strong>, where you
189 model and preview your scenes;</li>
190 <li>A smaller at the bottom with the <strong>Buttons Window</strong>, where
191 you add and configure most of your scene data.</li>
194 <p>These are the three most important spaces, at least when you are starting.
195 At the left corner of each header you can find the "Window Types" button,
196 which is like the "Start" buttom of many desktop environments. Clicking on
197 it lets you change what is shown in that area.</p>
199 <p><strong>Highly configurable workspace</strong></p>
201 <p>Blender's interface has been considerably improved for the 2.3x series.
202 Besides the goals of exposing functionality via menus and adding tooltips
203 for all buttons, there are even more ways now to change your workspace.</p>
205 <p>As before, areas can be resized, subdivided in two or joined; headers can
206 be moved to the top or bottom of an area or hidden completely. Just experiment
207 to find out how, it's trivial. Hint: the mouse cursor changes to a double arrow
208 when it is over the inter-area edges.</p>
210 <p>There should be a button with "SCR:" in the top header. It has some preset
211 workspaces that can be tried now for a tour of the possibilities. When you
212 change your current setup to something worth keeping, that same button has the
213 option to save the new screen.</p>
215 <p>Since version 2.30 Blender lets users define new color themes that can also
216 be shared with others when saved in the default startup .B.blend file.</p>
218 <p>The User Preferences space has many options there that you may want to
219 tweak, like turning button tooltips on/off, setting paths, etc. Just remember
220 to save your configuration if you want to keep it for the next session).
221 Since these preferences are not saved in regular .blend files, the presets will
222 retain working even when loading files from others. Note however, that the arrangement
223 of the UI itself - its screens and windows - are always saved in each file.
226 <h3><a name="start_3dview">The 3d View:</a></h3>
228 <p><strong>Mouse buttons and the toolbox</strong></p>
230 <p>Pressing the SPACEBAR or Shift+a while the mouse pointer is inside a 3d
231 View space will open up the toolbox. The toolbox gives you faster access to
232 many functions, like adding new objects to your scene, editing their properties,
233 selecting and so on.</p>
235 <p>This is how the mouse buttons work in this space:
237 <li>Left button: anchor the 3d cursor in a new location -- it defines where
238 your next added object will appear, among other things.</li>
239 <li>Right button: selection. If you hold it and move, you can move the
240 selected item around.</li>
241 <li>Middle button: 3d space rotation or translation -- choose which one in
242 one of the User Preferences tabs.</li>
244 Combinations of mouse buttons and Shift or Control will give you additional
245 options like zooming, panning and restricted movement. 3d scenes can be seen
246 from any position and orientation, but there are some default ones you can
247 reach with Numpad buttons or the "View" menu in the 3d View's header.</p>
249 <p><strong>Edit Mode</strong></p>
251 <p>When you want to edit the vertices of a mesh, for example, it's necessary to
252 select the object and enter "Edit Mode", either using the 3d View header "Mode"
253 button or by pressing TAB on your keyboard (press it again to return to object
256 <p><strong>And this was only the beginning ...</strong></p>
258 <p>The above guidelines should have given new users enough to start playing
259 with the interface. The next section lists online references that can actually teach about 3d and this program, but it's a good idea to spend some time just
260 playing with Blender, looking at menus and finding what mouse actions do in
263 <p align="right"><a href="#top">back to top</a></p>
265 <h2><a name="resources">4. Resources</a></h2>
268 <li><a href="http://www.blender3d.org">www.blender3d.org</a> - the general site, with documentation and downloads</li>
269 <li><a href="http://www.elysiun.com">www.elysiun.com</a> - the user community</li>
270 <li><a href="http://www.blender.org">www.blender.org</a> - the developer's site</li>
271 <li><a href="http://projects.blender.org">projects.blender.org</a> - the project's site</li>
274 <p>This short presentation is meant to guide newcomers to Blender through their
275 <em>very first</em> steps, giving directions to where you can find the
276 resources you will need. We can't teach you 3D in these few lines of text,
277 that would take a lengthy book.</p>
279 <p>The Blender Foundation has released a new guide, with hundreds of pages of
280 illustrated tutorials. It comes with a CD-ROM that has Blender version 2.32,
281 YafRay and many goodies: sample .blend files with models, textures and
282 animations, plugins, scripts, documentation, etc. It's an extensive reference
283 written by Blender gurus and also a good way to help Blender development.</p>
285 <p><strong>New</strong>: the new guide's text is now available for download
286 online and the second edition of the printed book has also been released.</p>
288 <p>You can learn more about it at the main Blender site:
289 <a href="http://www.blender3d.org">www.blender3d.org</a>. There you'll also
290 find news, online documentation like tutorials, the 2.0 guide, the Blender
291 Python API Reference for script writers, docs for the newest features added
292 to the program, etc. There are also forums, galleries of images and movies,
293 games, scripts, plugins, links for many resources and more.</p>
295 <p>The main Blender community site is elYsiun:
296 <a href="http://www.elysiun.com">www.elysiun.com</a>. There's a lot of
297 activity in its user forums, where newbie and guru users share tips and tricks,
298 show their most recent images, movies and scripts, ask for help and generally
299 have a good time.</p>
301 <p>Irc users are invited to try #blenderchat on irc.freenode.net .</p>
303 <p>There are also local Blender community sites in some countries, that should
304 be listed at the links section of the main site.</p>
306 <p>If you are a coder wanting to get in touch with Blender development, the
307 developer's site is at <a href="http://www.blender.org">www.blender.org</a>. A
308 good way to start is to follow the mailing lists for a while and check bug
309 reports, to see if you can fix one. On irc.freenode.net: #blendersauce (open channel)
310 and #blendercoders (official channel, where also meetings take place).</p>
312 <h3><a name="resources_xtra">Other useful links</a></h3>
314 <p>In the realm of open-source cg programs, it's a pleasure to mention other
315 great projects that can help you achieve your visions. Note that these
316 programs are completely independent from Blender and have their own sites,
317 documentation and support channels. Note also that this list is not complete
318 and should be updated on future versions of this text.</p>
321 <dt><a href="http://www.gimp.org">The Gimp</a></dt>
322 <dd>The mighty GNU Image Manipulation Program. In 3d work it is a valuable
323 resource to create, convert and, of course, manipulate texture images.
324 It is also useful for work with rendered pictures, for example to add 2d text,
325 logos or to touch-up, apply factory or hand-made effects and compose with other
327 <dt><a href="http://www.wings3d.com">The Wings 3D modeler</a></dt>
328 <dd>A great mesh modeler, with a different approach. Some things are much
329 easier to model in Wings, others in Blender, making them a powerful combination
330 for experienced users.</dd>
336 <dt><a href="http://www.yafray.org">YafRay</a></dt>
337 <dd>A relatively new and already very impressive program. Blender has builtin
339 <dt><a href="http://www.povray.org">Povray</a></dt>
340 <dd>One of the best and most popular renderers in the world. There is a
341 script to export Blender scenes to be rendered with it.</dd>
342 <dt><a href="https://renderman.pixar.com">Renderman-compliant:</a>
343 open-source: <a href="http://www.aqsis.org">Aqsis</a>,
344 <a href="http://pixie.sf.net">Pixie</a>. Closed-source:
345 <a href="http://www.3delight.com">3delight</a>.</dt>
346 <dd>The Renderman spec was created by Pixar years ago to define both a
347 standard and powerful representation of 3d data for renderers and the expected
348 quality of the renderization itself. Think about 3d art from some movie -- it
349 was much probably created by Pixar's own Photorealistic Renderman (PRMan)
350 renderer. This is a good site to learn more:
351 <a href="http://www.rendermanacademy.com">The Renderman Academy</a>. Neither
352 Pixar nor its products are affiliated with Blender.</dd>
355 <p align="right"><a href="#top">back to top</a></p>
357 <h2><a name="trouble">5. Troubleshooting</a></h2>
359 <p>If something isn't working, please read this entire section before looking
363 <li><a href="#trouble_gen">General start-up and usage problems</a></li>
364 <li><a href="#trouble_vdo">Video card blues</a></li>
365 <li><a href="#trouble_py">Scripts</a></li>
366 <li><a href="#trouble_bugt">The Bug Tracker</a></li>
369 <h3><a name="trouble_gen">General start-up and usage problems</a></h3>
371 <p>If the program crashes or something isn't working properly, try running
372 Blender in <strong>debug mode:</strong> execute it as "blender -d" from a
373 command prompt. This might give some info about what is wrong. There are also
374 other options that might be useful, "blender -h" lists all of them.<br>
375 Most likely an immediate crash is due to Blender's need for a compliant and
376 stable working OpenGL.</p>
378 <h3><a name="trouble_vdo">Video card blues</a></h3>
380 <p>Although OpenGL is cherished as an excellent cross platform library, the enormous
381 growth of different 3D cards have made this a complicated affair for Blender. Unlike
382 other programs - or 3D games - Blender utilizes OpenGL for its entire GUI, including
383 buttons and pulldown menus. That means also the 2D options for OpenGL should
384 work good, something easily ignored or badly tested by 3D card manufacturors, who
385 target more at the latest SFX features for new 3D games.<br>
386 In general Blender performs
387 very well on 3D cards from renowned brands, such as NVidia, ATI or 3DLabs. Recently
388 however, new drivers (especially for ATI) have shown that they're dropping basic
389 OpenGL support needed for proper menu drawing in Blender. Downgrading drivers then
390 always works, but we're also working on rebuilding the (quite old) code for GUI
391 drawing to prevent such errors from ever happening again.</p>
393 <p>Some useful links to check:<br>
395 <a href="http://www.blender3d.org/cms/FAQ.194.0.html">The graphics card FAQ</a><br>
396 <a href="http://www.blender.org/modules/gfxdatabase/index.php">3D card performance database</a><br>
401 <h3><a name="trouble_py">Scripts</a></h3>
403 <p>To be sure that some functionality is scripted: all scripts in Blender can
404 be accessed from the "Scripts" menu in the Scripts Window's header, even if the
405 same functionality is also in another menu somewhere. If you see an entry in
406 one of the submenus there, it refers to a script. Please don't report problems
407 with scripts to the bug tracker or other normal Blender channels. You should
408 find the author's site or contact email in the script's text itself, but
409 usually the Python & Plugins forum at
410 <a href="http://www.elysiun.com">elYsiun</a> is used for posting
411 announcements, questions, suggestions and bug reports related to scripts. It's
412 the recommended place to look first, specially if no site was specified at the
413 script's window or source file(s).</p>
414 <p>If some or all scripts that should appear in menus are not there, running
415 Blender in <a href="#trouble_gen">debug mode </a> can possibly inform what is
416 wrong. Make sure the reported dir(s) really exist.</p>
418 <h3><a name="trouble_bugt">The Bug Tracker</a></h3>
420 <p>If you really think you found a new bug in Blender, check the Bug Tracker
421 entries at <a href="http://projects.blender.org/tracker/?atid=125&group_id=9&func=browse">the projects site</a> and if
422 it was not reported yet, please log in (or register) and fill in detailed
423 information about the error. A small .blend file or script (if it is a problem
424 with the Blender Python API) showcasing the bug can help a lot.</p>
426 <p align="right"><a href="#top">back to top</a></p>
428 <h2><a name="faq">6. (FAQ) A few remarks</a></h2>
431 <li><a href="#faq_1">Quick tips.</a></li>
432 <li><a href="#faq_2">What's up with the interface?</a></li>
433 <li><a href="#faq_3">How good is Blender? How does it compare to other 3d
435 <li><a href="#faq_4">Something doesn't work, what do I do?</a></li>
438 <h3><a name="faq_1">Quick tips:</a></h3>
440 <p><strong>Rendering</strong>: to see something when you render (F12) an image,
441 make sure the scene has a camera pointing at your models (camera view is
442 NumPad 0) and at least one light properly placed. Otherwise you'll only get a
445 <p>Setting texture map input to "uv" in the Material Buttons window is not enough
446 to assign a texture image and uv data to a mesh. It's necessary to select the mesh,
447 enter face select mode (modes can be accessed in the 3d view's header), load an
448 image in the UV/Image Editor window and then define the mapping. Only then
449 the mesh will have uv data available for exporting.</p>
451 <p>If you want the fastest possible access to Blender's functionality, remember
452 what a <cite>wise power user</cite> wrote: "keep one hand on the keyboard
453 and the other on the mouse". Learn and use the shortcuts, configure your
454 workspace to your needs.</p>
456 <h3><a name="faq_2">What's up with the interface?</a></h3>
458 <p>Blender does not follow the most common, somewhat standard rules for user
459 interfaces -- it doesn't look like most programs do -- which is not necessarily
460 a bad thing. There used to be two sides to this: Blender was both a powerful
461 production tool for professionals and enthusiasts who dedicated enough time to
462 master it and also a nightmare for some newcomers who might have tried one of
463 the commercial 3d modelers first. The main reason for this is that
464 Blender was born as an in-house studio tool, optimized to speed up daily heavy
465 work, not to please everyone. But it's true that in the past the interface
466 was far from newbie-friendly.</p>
468 <p>Hopefully this is not the case anymore: it has been considerably
469 improved for the 2.3x series, exposing most functionality via menus, adding
470 panels, color "themability", tooltips for all buttons and internationalization
471 support. This is an ongoing effort or, better, a goal to keep the best ideas
472 in Blender's design while expanding and making it more user-friendly.</p>
474 <p>Too many buttons!</p>
476 <p>Again, 3D Computer Graphics is a vast and fun field. If you're only
477 starting, Blender can seem daunting, specially because of all its packed
478 functionality. Don't let that upset you, there is no need to care about
479 <em>all</em> those buttons right now -- or ever.</p>
481 <p>There are basic things all users should learn early up:</p>
484 <li>Start the program and access the main menus;</li>
485 <li>Find and configure user preferences;</li>
486 <li>Basic scene set-up: how to add and transform (move, scale, rotate)
487 lights, cameras and objects;</li>
488 <li>Create and link materials to objects, at least to color them;</li>
489 <li>Render your scenes.</li>
492 <p>One hour is enough time to assimilate and practice that before going on
493 with basic mesh editing and texturing, for example. There are many different
494 areas to learn about. Taste, interaction with other users and your main
495 interests (game art, rendered stills, movies) will guide you and define the
496 skills you'll want to master. Then it goes like a spiral: practice something
497 for a while, study and find about new tricks or whole new areas, practice a
498 little more and so on. Soon you'll become pleased to have all those buttons to
499 play with. A few more months and you'll probably be back asking for more ...
502 <h3><a name="faq_3">How good is Blender?</a></h3>
504 <p>If you ever get the impression that it's not possible to create great
505 looking or complex works with Blender, rejoice -- you are just plainly
506 uninformed, as browsing galleries and community forums can easily confirm.</p>
508 <h3>How does it compare to other 3d programs?</h3>
510 <p>In short: it takes considerable dedication to become good, no matter which
511 program you work with, as long as it is good enough not to get in your way.
512 Blender is. And, like the others, has strong and weak points.</p>
514 <p>Compared to commercial alternatives, Blender misses some features and isn't
515 as "newbie-friendly". It doesn't come packed with "one-click" or "wizard"
516 functionality, where you get much faster results in detriment of flexibility
517 and value. It also isn't bundled with tens of megabytes of sample models,
518 texture images, tutorials, etc. (which only partly explains how Blender can fit
519 in a less than 4 MB download).</p>
521 <p>Thankfully, these are not fatal shortcomings. The pace at which features
522 are being added or polished in Blender is impressive, now that it's a well
523 stablished open source project. More: through plugins and scripting, many
524 repetitive or otherwise cumbersome tasks can be made trivial. But plugin and
525 script authors go further, teaching Blender new tricks, from importers and
526 exporters to more advanced "applications".</p>
528 <p>About goodies, there are many places where you can get them (check
529 <a href="#resources">resources</a>). Besides the book, the main site and
530 elYsiun are the best ones to start, specially because some resources you
531 find spread on the net are not up-to-date with current program versions. This
532 doesn't render old tutorials or books useless -- just a little harder to
533 follow, sometimes -- but older scripts probably won't work. For free texture
534 images, a simple search for "free textures" should bring many results, just pay
535 attention to their licenses if you plan to release your work later.</p>
537 <p>Commercial packages can make it easier for newbies to produce nice looking
538 material, but only another newbie would praise the results. There's a huge
539 difference between what a skilled artist and someone poking at buttons and
540 using presets can accomplish.</p>
542 <p>Last but best of all: Blender is open-source, free for all to use, study and
546 <h3><a name="faq_4">Something doesn't work, what do I do?</a></h3>
548 <p>First note again that errors and questions related to specific scripts
549 should not be sent to Blender developers or its bug tracker. Then
550 <a href="#trouble">read this short section thoroughly</a>, please.</p>
553 <p>Thanks for reading, we hope you enjoy Blender!</p>
555 <p><font size=-1>Document version 1.01, June 2004</font></p>
557 <p align="right"><a href="#top">back to top</a></p>